English translation updated . This article reflects the source material at its original publication date. Read the Chinese source.
Read the original English publication
The WHO/Europe fact sheet, published on 17 February 2025, is available in English. Use the original publication for the complete text and for citations. The Chinese version on this website was translated from that fact sheet.
WHO describes phages as bacteria-targeting viruses with potential applications across human, animal, plant and environmental health. Their specificity may support tailored antibacterial approaches, including combinations with antibiotics.
The fact sheet also explains the limitations: suitable phages cannot be found for every infection, bacteria may develop resistance, and bacterial lysis can release endotoxins. Broader clinical use requires stronger evidence, appropriate manufacturing standards and regulatory pathways that account for individualized products.
The publication covers therapeutic use, antimicrobial resistance, safety, resistance to phages, the One Health approach and WHO/Europe’s work to develop the evidence base.
